Israel's high-speed optical modules and optical splitter supplier ColorChip today announced the acquisition of $ 25 million financing to improve operations, accelerate product line expansion.
Israel Development Partnership Program (Israel Growth Partners) led this round of financing, other participants include Vintage Investment Partners, and existing investors Gemini Israel Funds, BRM Group. IGP General Partner ColorChip Haim Shani will join the board. Up to now, ColorChip has completed $ 60 million financing.
ColorChip major development called SystemOnGlass based hybrid integration technology, the use of glass wafer manufacture optical devices, which will bring the field of semiconductor manufacturing technology field of optical communications. ColorChip have their own fab in Israel, and in this to make your own all kinds of devices.
ColorChip company CEO Yigal Ezra indicates, "ColorChip is experiencing rapid growth in the next two years to enhance production capacity more than 15 times. We have already opened up the leading customers in China and the United States. This round of financing will further accelerate the company's expansion to meet the market for ColorChip product rapidly growing demand. "
Showing posts with label optical module. Show all posts
Showing posts with label optical module. Show all posts
Amphenol online sales 10G SFP+ Multimode Modules
Amphenol connector maker of online business division "Amphenol Cables on demand" has announced a price of $ 76.95 online supply 10Gbps 10GBASE-SR SFP+ multimode module. Amphenol and three-year warranty for these modules.
Amphenol Corporation said that although Amphenol leader in active and passive electrical interface SFP+ Direct Connect cables aspects markets, Amphenol products around the world get deployed, SFP+ connection is still the mainstream market copper devices, in areas that require long-distance and simplify cable management, the demand for optical modules will gradually increase.
Amphenol declared their 10G SFP+ optical modules compatible OME undergone rigorous testing to ensure that you can replace similar SFP+ modules. These modules are also fully compatible with SFP+ MSA SFF-8431 and IEEE 802.3ae 10GBASE-SW/SR standards.
Amphenol Corporation said that although Amphenol leader in active and passive electrical interface SFP+ Direct Connect cables aspects markets, Amphenol products around the world get deployed, SFP+ connection is still the mainstream market copper devices, in areas that require long-distance and simplify cable management, the demand for optical modules will gradually increase.
Amphenol declared their 10G SFP+ optical modules compatible OME undergone rigorous testing to ensure that you can replace similar SFP+ modules. These modules are also fully compatible with SFP+ MSA SFF-8431 and IEEE 802.3ae 10GBASE-SW/SR standards.
MACOM acquisition of Japanese assembly plant FiBest become a full supplier of high-speed optical module
Communications chip maker M/A-Com has announced a price of $ 60 million acquisition of a Japanese TOSA/ROSA manufacturers FiBest, the purchase price is 2.4 times FiBest sales. FiBest products are mainly based on the EML 10Gbps TOSA and APD, ROSA. M/A-Com even claimed FiBest is 1000Gbps TOSA/ROSA leader in the field. This acquisition will significantly expand MACOM rate in more than 100G optical components and leading strength and can further enhance MACOM strength in the Japanese market. FiBest 50% of sales come from Japan.
MACON company CEO John Croteau said the acquisition of FiBest help MACOM get high-speed packaging capabilities enhance the MACOM in the field of optical devices competitive, which will help MACOM provide more valuable solutions for optical module customers. Performance of the optical components is critical data center with 100G optical module energy consumption and cost targets. FiBest product line will greatly enhance MACOM data center in 100G optical device market strength. 2017 will be the data center market with 100G optical device a turning year.
MACOM 2011 M & A chip optical module manufacturers Mindspeed, 2014 M & A InP optical chips manufacturers BinOptics. This acquisition marks a MACOM becoming a supplier of optical modules on the core technology further. They already have all the core elements of high-speed optical module.
MACOM this acquisition is expected to be completed in 2016 before the New Year.
MACON company CEO John Croteau said the acquisition of FiBest help MACOM get high-speed packaging capabilities enhance the MACOM in the field of optical devices competitive, which will help MACOM provide more valuable solutions for optical module customers. Performance of the optical components is critical data center with 100G optical module energy consumption and cost targets. FiBest product line will greatly enhance MACOM data center in 100G optical device market strength. 2017 will be the data center market with 100G optical device a turning year.
MACOM 2011 M & A chip optical module manufacturers Mindspeed, 2014 M & A InP optical chips manufacturers BinOptics. This acquisition marks a MACOM becoming a supplier of optical modules on the core technology further. They already have all the core elements of high-speed optical module.
MACOM this acquisition is expected to be completed in 2016 before the New Year.
Lightcounting cut annual optical module market growth
Market research firm Lightcounting latest quarterly report in September this year a combination of the first half of global operators, Internet companies and communications equipment, devices and corporate earnings since the third quarter shipments data and dynamic communications companies. Their analysis shows some interesting results.
LC pointed out that the second quarter of this year compared to the year before, the investment in Internet companies in the field of large data centers increased by 7%, while telecom operators to invest in the telecommunications sector decreased by 12%. Reduce telecom operators to invest mainly receive complete the world's major telecom operators some major investment projects, such as China Mobile LTE deployment, while the growth rate of the Internet companies to invest in the situation significantly better than in previous years.
Year comparison, sales of data communications equipment manufacturers in the field of growth of 2%, telecommunications equipment grew by 4%. White box manufacturers continue to win market in the area of data center equipment. In the field of telecommunications equipment, Huawei and ZTE continue to gain market share. Pressure on prices may be a factor, but operators have become cautious in the evolution of SDN / NFV may also be the cause.
Device manufacturers in the data communications segment grew 10%, an increase of 7% in the field of telecommunications. Increased deployment of 100Gbps device should be the reason behind this beautiful figure, the price is usually higher 100Gbps devices. Divided by product type, the following figure shows the different types of optical components market performance in the second quarter. Optical connector market growth, although high, but due to low prices, overall sales remain low, slightly higher than $ 50 million. Broadband construction to benefit from China's, FTTx market continued to maintain a rapid growth. China's future investment in LTE-building wireless networks will also stimulate the growth of optical device market. Overall, Ethernet and WDM optical devices is still the bulk of optical components market.
In the August report, Lightcounting had predicted annual optical module market growth of more than 25%. But then some of the light module manufacturers lower growth, the Chinese market situation may change, Lightcounting decided to optical module market growth from 25% down to 15%. Even so, the annual light module market will reach $ 4 billion. The rapid development of emerging companies may supplement the decline of traditional manufacturers performance.
LC pointed out that the second quarter of this year compared to the year before, the investment in Internet companies in the field of large data centers increased by 7%, while telecom operators to invest in the telecommunications sector decreased by 12%. Reduce telecom operators to invest mainly receive complete the world's major telecom operators some major investment projects, such as China Mobile LTE deployment, while the growth rate of the Internet companies to invest in the situation significantly better than in previous years.
Year comparison, sales of data communications equipment manufacturers in the field of growth of 2%, telecommunications equipment grew by 4%. White box manufacturers continue to win market in the area of data center equipment. In the field of telecommunications equipment, Huawei and ZTE continue to gain market share. Pressure on prices may be a factor, but operators have become cautious in the evolution of SDN / NFV may also be the cause.
Device manufacturers in the data communications segment grew 10%, an increase of 7% in the field of telecommunications. Increased deployment of 100Gbps device should be the reason behind this beautiful figure, the price is usually higher 100Gbps devices. Divided by product type, the following figure shows the different types of optical components market performance in the second quarter. Optical connector market growth, although high, but due to low prices, overall sales remain low, slightly higher than $ 50 million. Broadband construction to benefit from China's, FTTx market continued to maintain a rapid growth. China's future investment in LTE-building wireless networks will also stimulate the growth of optical device market. Overall, Ethernet and WDM optical devices is still the bulk of optical components market.
In the August report, Lightcounting had predicted annual optical module market growth of more than 25%. But then some of the light module manufacturers lower growth, the Chinese market situation may change, Lightcounting decided to optical module market growth from 25% down to 15%. Even so, the annual light module market will reach $ 4 billion. The rapid development of emerging companies may supplement the decline of traditional manufacturers performance.
Beijing Jie Wo bring 100G Series debut CIOE 2015
The 17th China Optoelectronic Exposition (CIOE 2015) will be held next Monday the forthcoming opening in Shenzhen, then, 100G high-end optical module manufacturers professional - Beijing Jie Wo debut this year will be special equipment exhibition.
The exhibition, Beijing Jie Wo will be the exhibition site, demonstrating its 10G / 40G / 100G full range of optical modules, and optical communication applications subsystems, including:
- 100G CFP4 / CFP2 / CFP LR4 Transceivers
- 40G MSA 300Pin Transponder, 40G QSFP+ LR4&SR4
- 10G SFP+ Series Transceivers
- 100G SOA, EDFA, OEO, miniaturization WDM subsystems
Meanwhile, Beijing Jie Wo exhibition will also work with industry-leading instrument manufacturers, such as Japan Anristu etc. joint in the field of dynamic business presentation 100G BERT / portable scanner glass instrument and 100G CFP2 / CFP4 optical modules!
The exhibition, Beijing Jie Wo will be the exhibition site, demonstrating its 10G / 40G / 100G full range of optical modules, and optical communication applications subsystems, including:
- 100G CFP4 / CFP2 / CFP LR4 Transceivers
- 40G MSA 300Pin Transponder, 40G QSFP+ LR4&SR4
- 10G SFP+ Series Transceivers
- 100G SOA, EDFA, OEO, miniaturization WDM subsystems
Meanwhile, Beijing Jie Wo exhibition will also work with industry-leading instrument manufacturers, such as Japan Anristu etc. joint in the field of dynamic business presentation 100G BERT / portable scanner glass instrument and 100G CFP2 / CFP4 optical modules!
Gigalight release first-generation 100G QSFP28 family of products unveiled CIOE 2015
August 21, 2015, Gigalight officially released the first generation 100G QSFP28 family of products, including: 100G QSFP28-SR4 optical modules, 100G QSFP28 active optical cable (AOC) and 100G QSFP LOOPBACK module. Gigalight will demonstrate at the 17th CIOE China International Expo light scene.
The first generation of design performance 100GE QSFP28 SR4 meets IEEE 802.3bm 100GBASE SR4 and InfiniBand EDR protocol standard. The emitted light power range + -0.5dbm receiving OMA protocol parameters slightly lower standards, but to fully meet 75 meters OM3 fiber transmission and OM4 fiber 100 m transmission applications. The actual testing environment based on more stringent standard error rate testing (less than -15 times square), transmission OM4 fiber did not find any errors. The module uses Gigalight self-developed lens and light engine integrates four 25Gbps data channels and typically consumes 3.2W, support in addition to other projects outside TX power digital diagnostic functions. The module received a very good optical eye diagram and electrical eye performance.
The key parameters of the test See chart below: (TX optical eye diagram, RX electric eye, JETTER test chart, 100M OM4 test shots)
TX optical eye diagram:
RX electric eye chart:
JETTER test chart:
Two other family Gigalight products based QSFP28-SR4 module key technology developed 100G QSFP28 active optical cable (AOC) and 100G QSFP28 LOOPBACK module.
The key parameters of the test See chart below: (TX optical eye diagram, RX electric eye, JETTER test chart, 100M OM4 test shots)
TX optical eye diagram:
Gigalight launched the second-generation multi-mode parallel optical engine
Recently, Gigalight successfully completed real-time monitoring 4-12 road Tx optical power of the second-generation multi-mode parallel optical engine, and equipped with the newly developed Gigalight successful 40G QSFP+ SR4 GEN2 optical transceiver module. The second generation optical engine core objective research is to develop a micro-optical structure LENS, multi-channel parallel VCSEL optical power monitoring, and easy to bind at high speed module circuit board.
Gigalight generation 40G QSFP+ SR4 GEN2 optical modules with integrated optical devices coupled with a unique lens to achieve real-time monitoring of optical power TX transmit function that transmit TX optical power of effective monitoring, play a stabilizing role emitted optical power. Common market QSFP+ SR4 TX optical modules actually do not have real-time monitoring of the emitted light power, not only by the laser array chip VCSEL ARRAY vertical cavity surface emitting limiting characteristic, add the feedback optical device under existing QSFP+ package is also very difficult. Gigalight 40G QSFP+ SR4 GEN2 success of research and development, more stable the Gigalight leadership in optical engine technology.
The figure is Gigalight relevant parameters 40G QSFP-SR4 GEN2 equipped with second-generation light engine after implementation. 4-channel optical eye margin (MARGIN) were higher than 30%, the receiver sensitivity better than -13DBM, 4-way DDM optical power monitor properly.
40G QSFP-SR4 GEN2 eye:
40G QSFP-SR4 GEN2 sensitivity index
40G QSFP-SR4 GEN2 DDM TX monitor
Gigalight generation 40G QSFP+ SR4 GEN2 optical modules with integrated optical devices coupled with a unique lens to achieve real-time monitoring of optical power TX transmit function that transmit TX optical power of effective monitoring, play a stabilizing role emitted optical power. Common market QSFP+ SR4 TX optical modules actually do not have real-time monitoring of the emitted light power, not only by the laser array chip VCSEL ARRAY vertical cavity surface emitting limiting characteristic, add the feedback optical device under existing QSFP+ package is also very difficult. Gigalight 40G QSFP+ SR4 GEN2 success of research and development, more stable the Gigalight leadership in optical engine technology.
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| Gigalight 40G QSFP+ SR4 GEN2 |
40G QSFP-SR4 GEN2 eye:
40G QSFP-SR4 GEN2 sensitivity index
High return loss receiving scheme to improve the transmission performance of the optical module 10G LTE
The rapid development of mobile Internet, the rapid application of intelligent terminals holdings of explosive growth, driven by substantial growth in global data traffic.
Up to now, 422 operators in 143 countries launched a commercial LTE network. Last year alone, there are 106 operators to launch commercial LTE services. Terminal, the TD industrial chain have become more sophisticated, the market began to face the ultimate force.
China Mobile LTE construction in the module is 6G and 10G of SFP+ optical module, the surge in market demand and mature industry chain light module products technology innovation, as well as the cost pressure from operators transfer to the optical module manufacturers through equipment manufacturers. About LTE 10G optical module receiver technology, currently the industry there are two solutions: high return loss program and receives regular reception program, differences between these two programs receiving device is mainly reflected in the module optical return loss design.
After receiving the conventional scheme, LC connector into the receiving device, the air between PIN dies its flat end and the gap within the device, and most of the light in the optical fiber transmission perpendicular to the flat face, when they occur, specular light will all return in the core, the reflectivity can usually return Rf=(nf-1)2/(nf+1)2 is calculated by, nf is the refractive index of the fiber material, take nf=1.47, too Rf=3.6%(-14.4dB), another study suggests that the fiber end after the grinding and polishing, will produce a thin layer at the fiber end face deterioration. Its refractive index of about 1.6, higher than the refractive index of the fiber core, this case, Rf =5.3%(-12.7dB), that is, return loss of -12.7dB, and lower standards -12dB 10G Ethernet is very close, almost No margin.
Compared with conventional receiving scheme, high return loss LC connector receiving scheme between PIN die and adds a miter ceramic pin, as shown in Figure 2. Pin angled end fiber mandrels not at right angles, although there is an air gap, but after launching inclined surface angle of the reflected light propagates in the optical fiber is smaller than the total reflection critical angle, therefore, from pins inclined surface reflected light , does not spread in the core, but all through the cladding dissipation occurs and eventually leak out to 8°oblique pin, for example, return loss measured according to statistics, generally better than -27dB. Therefore, in the optical return loss index, regular reception program receives far and high return loss program.
Optical return loss is defined as the ratio of the reflected light power and the incident power, the worse the show return loss fiber link light reflecting stronger, and in the optical fiber transmission systems, connectors, fiber end faces, optical and detector surface will caused by Fresnel reflection. The light reflected back to the impact of the system include:
1) so that the optical signal transmission is weakened;
2) the incident signal interference;
3) reduce signal noise in a digital transmission system.
Since the reflected light will return after emission sources, the impact caused by the light source include:
1) cause the center wavelength of the emitted light fluctuations;
2) cause strong fluctuations in the light emission of the light source;
3) permanently damage the light.
Even FP light source, although the retroreflective little effect on the spectral characteristics, but retroreflected light into the light amplification cavity after the active region, to join the mainstream, resulting in light intensity fluctuations of light intensity fluctuations resulting in RIN, RIN is the transmitter and not related to the receiver noise will limit the maximum signal to noise ratio is possible to obtain the optical fiber link, thereby affecting receiver sensitivity. Moreover, a broadband noise RIN essence, it reflects the relative signal power, the impact of intensity fluctuation of the light source and the receiving end of the system electrical noise generated by the formula is as follows:
RIN =<ΔP>2/（P2*BW）
<ΔP> is the average noise power, P is the average optical power, BW is the bandwidth of the receiver and system link.
Thus, the system, the higher the rate, the more bandwidth link noise, the greater the noise power, the lower the signal to noise ratio, the higher the error rate. Therefore, optical modules for 10G LTE, to ensure the reliability and stability of the optical transmission system emission spectrum of the light source and power, it is necessary to receive a high return loss devices designed to minimize reflection link. Despite regular reception program module can use the transmitter optical isolator programs to protect the light source and the influence of the reflected return loss caused by the system still exists, while isolating the price than the high return loss program in the price of optical fiber pins much more expensive.
Despite facing increasingly fierce price competition and cost pressures, but has always been to uphold the quality first philosophy, in the development of the module Accelink Technology Co., Ltd. (ACCELINK) SZ002281's Wuhan Telecommunication Devices Co., Ltd. (WTD) and adhere to the production of high-performance principle, without compromising product performance for the price to reduce costs. But through continuous R & D investment to master the core technology, innovative technology and lean manufacturing, and other initiatives to design cost control programs, and technical innovation WTD's LTE 10G optical module receives high return loss programs, compared to the conventional reception scheme, the light return loss better indicators of the impact of emission sources is small so that the stability of the system is greatly improved.
Up to now, 422 operators in 143 countries launched a commercial LTE network. Last year alone, there are 106 operators to launch commercial LTE services. Terminal, the TD industrial chain have become more sophisticated, the market began to face the ultimate force.
China Mobile LTE construction in the module is 6G and 10G of SFP+ optical module, the surge in market demand and mature industry chain light module products technology innovation, as well as the cost pressure from operators transfer to the optical module manufacturers through equipment manufacturers. About LTE 10G optical module receiver technology, currently the industry there are two solutions: high return loss program and receives regular reception program, differences between these two programs receiving device is mainly reflected in the module optical return loss design.
After receiving the conventional scheme, LC connector into the receiving device, the air between PIN dies its flat end and the gap within the device, and most of the light in the optical fiber transmission perpendicular to the flat face, when they occur, specular light will all return in the core, the reflectivity can usually return Rf=(nf-1)2/(nf+1)2 is calculated by, nf is the refractive index of the fiber material, take nf=1.47, too Rf=3.6%(-14.4dB), another study suggests that the fiber end after the grinding and polishing, will produce a thin layer at the fiber end face deterioration. Its refractive index of about 1.6, higher than the refractive index of the fiber core, this case, Rf =5.3%(-12.7dB), that is, return loss of -12.7dB, and lower standards -12dB 10G Ethernet is very close, almost No margin.
Compared with conventional receiving scheme, high return loss LC connector receiving scheme between PIN die and adds a miter ceramic pin, as shown in Figure 2. Pin angled end fiber mandrels not at right angles, although there is an air gap, but after launching inclined surface angle of the reflected light propagates in the optical fiber is smaller than the total reflection critical angle, therefore, from pins inclined surface reflected light , does not spread in the core, but all through the cladding dissipation occurs and eventually leak out to 8°oblique pin, for example, return loss measured according to statistics, generally better than -27dB. Therefore, in the optical return loss index, regular reception program receives far and high return loss program.
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| Figure 1 regular reception device Schematic diagram |
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| Figure 2 high return loss Schematic receiving device of FIG. |
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| Figure 3 pin flat end surface reflectance in |
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| Figure 4 pin inclined surface reflectance in |
Optical return loss is defined as the ratio of the reflected light power and the incident power, the worse the show return loss fiber link light reflecting stronger, and in the optical fiber transmission systems, connectors, fiber end faces, optical and detector surface will caused by Fresnel reflection. The light reflected back to the impact of the system include:
1) so that the optical signal transmission is weakened;
2) the incident signal interference;
3) reduce signal noise in a digital transmission system.
Since the reflected light will return after emission sources, the impact caused by the light source include:
1) cause the center wavelength of the emitted light fluctuations;
2) cause strong fluctuations in the light emission of the light source;
3) permanently damage the light.
Even FP light source, although the retroreflective little effect on the spectral characteristics, but retroreflected light into the light amplification cavity after the active region, to join the mainstream, resulting in light intensity fluctuations of light intensity fluctuations resulting in RIN, RIN is the transmitter and not related to the receiver noise will limit the maximum signal to noise ratio is possible to obtain the optical fiber link, thereby affecting receiver sensitivity. Moreover, a broadband noise RIN essence, it reflects the relative signal power, the impact of intensity fluctuation of the light source and the receiving end of the system electrical noise generated by the formula is as follows:
RIN =<ΔP>2/（P2*BW）
<ΔP> is the average noise power, P is the average optical power, BW is the bandwidth of the receiver and system link.
Thus, the system, the higher the rate, the more bandwidth link noise, the greater the noise power, the lower the signal to noise ratio, the higher the error rate. Therefore, optical modules for 10G LTE, to ensure the reliability and stability of the optical transmission system emission spectrum of the light source and power, it is necessary to receive a high return loss devices designed to minimize reflection link. Despite regular reception program module can use the transmitter optical isolator programs to protect the light source and the influence of the reflected return loss caused by the system still exists, while isolating the price than the high return loss program in the price of optical fiber pins much more expensive.
Despite facing increasingly fierce price competition and cost pressures, but has always been to uphold the quality first philosophy, in the development of the module Accelink Technology Co., Ltd. (ACCELINK) SZ002281's Wuhan Telecommunication Devices Co., Ltd. (WTD) and adhere to the production of high-performance principle, without compromising product performance for the price to reduce costs. But through continuous R & D investment to master the core technology, innovative technology and lean manufacturing, and other initiatives to design cost control programs, and technical innovation WTD's LTE 10G optical module receives high return loss programs, compared to the conventional reception scheme, the light return loss better indicators of the impact of emission sources is small so that the stability of the system is greatly improved.
WTD develop high-speed polarization multiplexing coherent detection optical module technology considerations
In order to achieve accurate, effective, and reliable coherent optical communication, WTD in the coherent optical communication technology to develop high-speed polarization multiplexing coherent detection optical module products mainly consider the following several technical points.
1. Using high-standard light source technology
Coherent optical fiber communication system for signal light and local oscillator light source is relatively high, it requires a narrow spectral lines, high frequency stability. Linewidth light source itself determines the system can achieve the lowest error rate, should be minimized, while the frequency of the semiconductor laser to change the operating temperature and injection current is very sensitive to the variation amount is generally in the tens of gigahertz per degree Celsius and the tens of gigahertz per mA, therefore, for the frequency stability, in addition to the injection current and temperature stability, we must also take other frequency stabilization measures to maintain a stable optical frequency.
2. To achieve a breakthrough in terms of access technology
Coherent detection receiver technology consists of two parts, one is the light receiver technology, the other is a variety of standard intermediate frequency after demodulation techniques.
Balanced receiver method: frequency shift keying (FSK) standard, since the semiconductor laser modulation process will inevitably with additional amplitude modulation noise, using a balanced approach reduces AM reception noise. The main idea of balancing law when the optical signal from the optical fiber into the local oscillator light by polarization control to ensure that the polarization state of the signal to adapt the local oscillator and signal lights through the polarizing beam splitter into two paths, and receives two identical PIN photodetector, such that the output of the two photodetectors is equal amplitude and inverted envelope signal, then the two signals after synthesis, so that doubling the FM signal, the AM noise and spurious cancel each other The DC component also counteract, to eliminate the influence of noise amplitude modulation requirements.
Polarization control technology: coherent optical communication system receiver must request signal light and the LO light polarized with biased in order to achieve good mixing effect and improve reception quality. Signal light after the single-mode fiber for long distance transmission, the polarization is random fluctuation, in order to solve this problem, a lot of ways, such as using polarization maintaining fiber, polarization controller and polarization diversity reception and other methods. When the light transmission in the general fiber, phase and polarization plane will randomly change the polarization maintaining fiber it is through the selection process and material makes the light phase and polarization unchanged specialty optical fiber, but the fiber loss, the price is very expensive; polarization The controller is mainly the signal light and the LO light with bias, this method is relatively slow response speed, loop control requirements are relatively high; polarization diversity receiver is the use of signal light and the LO light After mixing, the polarization The mixed light beam components into two mutually perpendicular polarization components, the LO light in two perpendicular polarization components by the polarization controller, so that the two components of equal power, so that when the signal light of random polarization fluctuations may cause one of the intermediate frequency signal branch decline, but another branch of the IF signal still exists, so the demodulated signal of the system and the resulting polarization of the signal light is almost independent of the technical response faster, more practical, but to achieve more complex.
3. The use of external optical modulation technology
Because when a parameter of the semiconductor laser direct modulation of the optical carrier, always incidental to other parasitic oscillation parameters, such as amplitude shift keying (ASK) modulation directly associated with the phase change, and the modulation depth will be limited. In addition, the frequency characteristics will encounter uneven and relaxation oscillation problems. Thus, in the coherent optical communication system, in addition to direct injection current can FSK frequency modulation, the other is the use of external light modulation.
4. The rational use of non-linear crosstalk control technology
Since the coherent optical communication, often using DWDM technology. Thus, the optical fiber nonlinear effects may make a coherent optical communication channel signal strength and phase affected by other channel signals to form non-linear crosstalk.
1. Using high-standard light source technology
Coherent optical fiber communication system for signal light and local oscillator light source is relatively high, it requires a narrow spectral lines, high frequency stability. Linewidth light source itself determines the system can achieve the lowest error rate, should be minimized, while the frequency of the semiconductor laser to change the operating temperature and injection current is very sensitive to the variation amount is generally in the tens of gigahertz per degree Celsius and the tens of gigahertz per mA, therefore, for the frequency stability, in addition to the injection current and temperature stability, we must also take other frequency stabilization measures to maintain a stable optical frequency.
2. To achieve a breakthrough in terms of access technology
Coherent detection receiver technology consists of two parts, one is the light receiver technology, the other is a variety of standard intermediate frequency after demodulation techniques.
Balanced receiver method: frequency shift keying (FSK) standard, since the semiconductor laser modulation process will inevitably with additional amplitude modulation noise, using a balanced approach reduces AM reception noise. The main idea of balancing law when the optical signal from the optical fiber into the local oscillator light by polarization control to ensure that the polarization state of the signal to adapt the local oscillator and signal lights through the polarizing beam splitter into two paths, and receives two identical PIN photodetector, such that the output of the two photodetectors is equal amplitude and inverted envelope signal, then the two signals after synthesis, so that doubling the FM signal, the AM noise and spurious cancel each other The DC component also counteract, to eliminate the influence of noise amplitude modulation requirements.
Polarization control technology: coherent optical communication system receiver must request signal light and the LO light polarized with biased in order to achieve good mixing effect and improve reception quality. Signal light after the single-mode fiber for long distance transmission, the polarization is random fluctuation, in order to solve this problem, a lot of ways, such as using polarization maintaining fiber, polarization controller and polarization diversity reception and other methods. When the light transmission in the general fiber, phase and polarization plane will randomly change the polarization maintaining fiber it is through the selection process and material makes the light phase and polarization unchanged specialty optical fiber, but the fiber loss, the price is very expensive; polarization The controller is mainly the signal light and the LO light with bias, this method is relatively slow response speed, loop control requirements are relatively high; polarization diversity receiver is the use of signal light and the LO light After mixing, the polarization The mixed light beam components into two mutually perpendicular polarization components, the LO light in two perpendicular polarization components by the polarization controller, so that the two components of equal power, so that when the signal light of random polarization fluctuations may cause one of the intermediate frequency signal branch decline, but another branch of the IF signal still exists, so the demodulated signal of the system and the resulting polarization of the signal light is almost independent of the technical response faster, more practical, but to achieve more complex.
3. The use of external optical modulation technology
Because when a parameter of the semiconductor laser direct modulation of the optical carrier, always incidental to other parasitic oscillation parameters, such as amplitude shift keying (ASK) modulation directly associated with the phase change, and the modulation depth will be limited. In addition, the frequency characteristics will encounter uneven and relaxation oscillation problems. Thus, in the coherent optical communication system, in addition to direct injection current can FSK frequency modulation, the other is the use of external light modulation.
4. The rational use of non-linear crosstalk control technology
Since the coherent optical communication, often using DWDM technology. Thus, the optical fiber nonlinear effects may make a coherent optical communication channel signal strength and phase affected by other channel signals to form non-linear crosstalk.
Research and Development of parallel optical modules and AOC areas
Parallel optical module QSFP+ PSM and AOC products are mainly based on multi-mode fiber optical interconnection technology, it has the advantage of high-bandwidth, low loss, no crosstalk and electromagnetic compatibility and matching problems, and has been gradually replaced copper-based electrical interconnect products and applications in between cabinets, high-speed interconnect plate frame and connect the distance up to 300 meters in OM3 fiber. Meanwhile, in order to apply to more long-distance transmission solutions, PSM parallel optical modules have emerged, mainly used in single-mode fiber transmission FP laser 2KM, DFB 10KM transmission applications, it is more difficult than having a multimode interconnect technology.
First, the parallel multi-mode fiber coupling technology accumulation and breakthrough
Parallel optical module interconnect technology the optical coupler is a big problem, compared to the popular Plastic lens solution Gigalight adopted a more simple and efficient and reliable fiber coupling technology. This technology uses a near 45 degree angle (Fig.1) of the total reflection face VCSEL emitting reflected light path is formed products needed, but such a simple application of the principle, Gigalight in actual production to be the exact product The theoretical calculations and rigorous experimental verification. For the reflection angle of choice, we passed to the lasing VCSEL optical properties (Figure 2), the use of optical simulation software analysis (Figure 3), and the principle of total reflection of the light incident angle VCSEL determine our optimal angle of reflection at the interface approaches a value of 45°at the same time through a special fiber surface material processing (Figure 4), the optical fiber coupling efficiency from the initial design (43% to 47%) raised to (75% -80%).
Second, parallel single-mode fiber coupling product realization
To achieve long distance transmission must use single-mode optical fiber dispersion loss, but the single-mode optical fiber and semiconductor to achieve high coupling efficiency of the light to be emitted from a semiconductor laser field shaping incident light field and the fiber intrinsic optical field Possible matches maximized. We can use the optical coupling lens (i.e., added between the lens and the optical fiber laser, FIG.5) and an optical fiber directly coupled (i.e., fiber laser source and direct coupling, FIG.6) in two ways. But the optical lens coupling, due to the coupling system is separate from the optical elements of the semiconductor laser, a lens, coaxial quasi-linear optical fiber between the three requirements are very high. To ensure coaxial collimation requirements, often need to make a special surface shape, but also an array of lenses, which makes the high cost, and space requirements of the larger product, is not conducive to miniaturization of the package. Our technical accumulation process based on the parallel multi-mode optical module products, the use of optical fiber direct coupling to achieve a parallel single-mode product development and production. In this process, we have experienced flat end of the fiber coupling and tapered fiber coupling. The flat end of the fiber coupler production process is simple, easy to implement, but because of the light emitting area of the light source and single-mode fiber core diameter area and a light source divergence angle and fiber numerical matching relation severe mismatch, resulting in low coupling efficiency, light reflection is likely to cause large optical eye diagram Scatter affect the transmission quality. Therefore, we used a fiber-optic splice connection arcing ball end face of the optical fiber obtained (Figure 7) coupling. Using ball coupling end face, not only help to improve fiber coupling efficiency, and help to change the reflected light is reflected path, help block the light path of debugging. Figures 8 and 9 for the optical eye diagram comparison level end of the fiber end face of the optical fiber coupling and coupling ball.
Third, COB (CHIP ON BOARD) technology to improve the accuracy
Existing programs for parallel optical modules are based on VCSEL array and the fiber array coupling scheme, using CHIP ON BOARD process to achieve cost-efficient production requirements. In this process, the chip placement accuracy of a direct impact on the efficiency of light coupling. We passed comparison of the data analysis, placement accuracy deviation light on the impact of the loss (Figure 10, Figure 11). From the figure we understand, multimode coupling can guarantee the accuracy of ±5um coupling efficiency. According to the study, we used a high-precision chip technology, the guarantee of quality products coupled.
In order to ensure placement accuracy and high efficiency of production, we have introduced automated precision placement equipment (Fig.12), to ensure accuracy within ±3um and automatic Wire BOND equipment.
Fourth, the necessary thermal design to ensure good use of parallel optical modules
As we all know, parallel optical module is highly integrated device products, increase the number of internal multi-channel integration, so that power and I/O pins greatly increased. For example, in QSFP- PSM module, four drive IC's power consumption accounts for more than nearly 50% of the entire module of the heat. QSFP in a small space, heat is a big problem. If the long-term cooling, can cause aging of the internal components and shorten life. And more directly reflect the laser power will increase as the temperature changes, the characteristics of the laser (Figure 13) shows: Ith becomes larger, in order to get sufficient transmission power, the module will increase the bias current so that the overall power consumption of the module directly increase, creating a vicious cycle, which is very unfavorable for the module. Therefore, in the product development cycle, we will be concerned about thermal design of the product. Layout and thermal path between the chips inside the module attention is good. In product design has been rigorous thermal design (Fig.14), and then to revise and improve the cooling effect (Fig.15) by experimental thermal testing.
First, the parallel multi-mode fiber coupling technology accumulation and breakthrough
Parallel optical module interconnect technology the optical coupler is a big problem, compared to the popular Plastic lens solution Gigalight adopted a more simple and efficient and reliable fiber coupling technology. This technology uses a near 45 degree angle (Fig.1) of the total reflection face VCSEL emitting reflected light path is formed products needed, but such a simple application of the principle, Gigalight in actual production to be the exact product The theoretical calculations and rigorous experimental verification. For the reflection angle of choice, we passed to the lasing VCSEL optical properties (Figure 2), the use of optical simulation software analysis (Figure 3), and the principle of total reflection of the light incident angle VCSEL determine our optimal angle of reflection at the interface approaches a value of 45°at the same time through a special fiber surface material processing (Figure 4), the optical fiber coupling efficiency from the initial design (43% to 47%) raised to (75% -80%).
To achieve long distance transmission must use single-mode optical fiber dispersion loss, but the single-mode optical fiber and semiconductor to achieve high coupling efficiency of the light to be emitted from a semiconductor laser field shaping incident light field and the fiber intrinsic optical field Possible matches maximized. We can use the optical coupling lens (i.e., added between the lens and the optical fiber laser, FIG.5) and an optical fiber directly coupled (i.e., fiber laser source and direct coupling, FIG.6) in two ways. But the optical lens coupling, due to the coupling system is separate from the optical elements of the semiconductor laser, a lens, coaxial quasi-linear optical fiber between the three requirements are very high. To ensure coaxial collimation requirements, often need to make a special surface shape, but also an array of lenses, which makes the high cost, and space requirements of the larger product, is not conducive to miniaturization of the package. Our technical accumulation process based on the parallel multi-mode optical module products, the use of optical fiber direct coupling to achieve a parallel single-mode product development and production. In this process, we have experienced flat end of the fiber coupling and tapered fiber coupling. The flat end of the fiber coupler production process is simple, easy to implement, but because of the light emitting area of the light source and single-mode fiber core diameter area and a light source divergence angle and fiber numerical matching relation severe mismatch, resulting in low coupling efficiency, light reflection is likely to cause large optical eye diagram Scatter affect the transmission quality. Therefore, we used a fiber-optic splice connection arcing ball end face of the optical fiber obtained (Figure 7) coupling. Using ball coupling end face, not only help to improve fiber coupling efficiency, and help to change the reflected light is reflected path, help block the light path of debugging. Figures 8 and 9 for the optical eye diagram comparison level end of the fiber end face of the optical fiber coupling and coupling ball.
Existing programs for parallel optical modules are based on VCSEL array and the fiber array coupling scheme, using CHIP ON BOARD process to achieve cost-efficient production requirements. In this process, the chip placement accuracy of a direct impact on the efficiency of light coupling. We passed comparison of the data analysis, placement accuracy deviation light on the impact of the loss (Figure 10, Figure 11). From the figure we understand, multimode coupling can guarantee the accuracy of ±5um coupling efficiency. According to the study, we used a high-precision chip technology, the guarantee of quality products coupled.
As we all know, parallel optical module is highly integrated device products, increase the number of internal multi-channel integration, so that power and I/O pins greatly increased. For example, in QSFP- PSM module, four drive IC's power consumption accounts for more than nearly 50% of the entire module of the heat. QSFP in a small space, heat is a big problem. If the long-term cooling, can cause aging of the internal components and shorten life. And more directly reflect the laser power will increase as the temperature changes, the characteristics of the laser (Figure 13) shows: Ith becomes larger, in order to get sufficient transmission power, the module will increase the bias current so that the overall power consumption of the module directly increase, creating a vicious cycle, which is very unfavorable for the module. Therefore, in the product development cycle, we will be concerned about thermal design of the product. Layout and thermal path between the chips inside the module attention is good. In product design has been rigorous thermal design (Fig.14), and then to revise and improve the cooling effect (Fig.15) by experimental thermal testing.
The overall design of CFP optical module system
40Gbit/s CFP overall design of the optical module is mainly to solve the transmitting unit, the receiving unit implementation issues and control unit. Specific design methods are introduced each unit below.
In the transmitting unit, the selection of 10Gbit/s DML (directly modulated laser) as TOSA (light emitting component), laser driver integrated circuit chips within the drive. Laser driver receives a differential input data and provide a laser bias and modulation currents. Since the semiconductor laser slope efficiency will vary with changes in temperature, it is necessary to APC and extinction ratio compensation circuitry to achieve a stable laser average optical power. Lasers PD (photodiode) Monitoring LD optical output power and the output value of the feedback monitor PD to MCU (microcontroller), MCU by detecting feedback IBias values to control the bias current output, thereby adjusting the bias Set circuit causes LD remains constant optical power output. Meanwhile, in order to avoid high-speed PCB (printed circuit board) on the other line interference on signal lines in the wiring of the signal differential signal transmission lines.
The receiving unit is mainly composed of PIN (photodiode) and TIA (transimpedance amplifier) package together photodetector and limiting amplifier, thus completing the optical / electrical conversion. Four different wavelengths of light signals from each detector receives the appropriate wavelength and converts it into an electrical signal having a certain level, and then after the limiting amplifier signal power progressively larger, simultaneous extraction and recovery by the CDR circuit clock signal The signal received decision value dynamically created to allow data recovery and output.
The control unit uses MCU chip, through the acquisition of digital information for each of the corresponding port real-time monitoring of each channel voltage, temperature, laser bias current, input optical power and received optical power and reporting, in order to achieve the following three major functions: (1 ) communicate with the host computer system; (2) extracting module internal analog and digital information, testing, reporting and alerting; (3) modules within the various parameter settings intelligent control.
In the transmitting unit, the selection of 10Gbit/s DML (directly modulated laser) as TOSA (light emitting component), laser driver integrated circuit chips within the drive. Laser driver receives a differential input data and provide a laser bias and modulation currents. Since the semiconductor laser slope efficiency will vary with changes in temperature, it is necessary to APC and extinction ratio compensation circuitry to achieve a stable laser average optical power. Lasers PD (photodiode) Monitoring LD optical output power and the output value of the feedback monitor PD to MCU (microcontroller), MCU by detecting feedback IBias values to control the bias current output, thereby adjusting the bias Set circuit causes LD remains constant optical power output. Meanwhile, in order to avoid high-speed PCB (printed circuit board) on the other line interference on signal lines in the wiring of the signal differential signal transmission lines.
The receiving unit is mainly composed of PIN (photodiode) and TIA (transimpedance amplifier) package together photodetector and limiting amplifier, thus completing the optical / electrical conversion. Four different wavelengths of light signals from each detector receives the appropriate wavelength and converts it into an electrical signal having a certain level, and then after the limiting amplifier signal power progressively larger, simultaneous extraction and recovery by the CDR circuit clock signal The signal received decision value dynamically created to allow data recovery and output.
The control unit uses MCU chip, through the acquisition of digital information for each of the corresponding port real-time monitoring of each channel voltage, temperature, laser bias current, input optical power and received optical power and reporting, in order to achieve the following three major functions: (1 ) communicate with the host computer system; (2) extracting module internal analog and digital information, testing, reporting and alerting; (3) modules within the various parameter settings intelligent control.
Technology of 400G optical modules
With the IEEE 100 Gbit/s (hereinafter referred to 100G) Ethernet standard-setting discussions with the end of the world's major manufacturers are promoting the global deployment of 100G and 400G focused its attention to even 1 Tbit/s system up. With 40G / 100G, like, 400G deployment should be a gradual manner. In order to make more effective use of existing DWDM (dense wavelength division multiplexing) line resources, reduce investment costs, operators can expect 400G deployment on existing networks, rather than re-design and build a new network to accommodate 400G of transmission. This means that you must adapt to the network design and planning 400G 100G / 40G or 10G to achieve a mixed deployment of 400G, 100G / 40G's.
1. Technical analysis 400G LAN Interface optical modules
400G LAN (Local Area Network) interface to optical modules may 100G Ethernet will continue to use proprietary parallel transmission. In February 2011, Finisar on "Beyond 100GE" seminar presented 400GE modules standard recommendation, primarily to support 400GE-LR16 and 400GE-SR16 two applications. Where 400GE-LR16 using 16×25G LAN WDM (1330,1310,1290 and 1270nm 4 waves channels) to achieve, and 400GE ~ SR16 is using a 16×25G multimode fiber interfaces. In addition, in the physical layer defines the CAUI (Attachment Unit Interface) -16, CPPI (parallel physical interface) -16 electrical interface standard. 16×25G 100GE just linear expansion, as long as the process to meet the requirements, there is no other technical difficulties. In contrast, the optical fiber parallel development will have more space, but supports higher densities needed photonic integration technology can make 400G commercially possible.
In addition, Finisar also proposed other possible ways 400G LAN applications: the first type is the use of already commercialization 4OG of EML (electro-absorption modulated laser) technology architecture composed of 10×40G; the second was that rely on technology to improve the EML, using 4-level amplitude modulation and DSP (digital signal processing) of dispersion compensation framework 8×50 G; third is 4×100G of architecture that must be complex amplitude phase modulation, such as PM-QPSK ( polarization multiplexing - Quadrature Phase Shift Keying), there is no possible commercialization of the technology demonstration.
NTT research report also pointed out that in the serial data transmission, 16×25G, 10×40G and 8X 50G of these types of architecture are possible. For 50G, modulation is also based MZ (Mach - Zehnder) the DQPSK (differential quadrature phase shift keying) modulation or OOK (on-off keying) modulation. Each architecture in size, cost, power consumption, etc. have their own advantages and disadvantages. From the current research point of view, DML (directly modulated laser) production process is simple, low power consumption, but the ER (extinction ratio) is small. EML complex production process, power consumption is relatively large, but the larger ER, you can get a very clear eye. Further, the quantum well EAM (electroabsorption modulator) InGaA1As based valence band offset is reduced due to a hole caused by accumulation in the modulation process, and therefore suitable for use as high-speed modulation. Figs. 1 to 3 are NTT in OFC 2011 show for the 400 GE of 1300nm, 50G EML spectrum, into the relationship between the current and the optical power and the transmission 10 and 40 km after the output eye diagram.
For 400GE systems, 50G of OOK modulation due to the physical size of the entire transmitter end, is a good compromise choice. In this modulation, DML comparison more difficult to implement. So we can predict, EML and 8×50G of OOK modulation prospects in 400GE systems.
2. Technical analysis 400G long-distance transmission optical modules
In the ITU-T / IEEE Joint seminars, Alcatel-Iucent report stated: interface cable OTU5 rate will reach 449.219 Gbit/s. With the increase rate, the system OSNR (optical signal to noise ratio), CD (chromatic dispersion), PMD (polarization mode dispersion) and nonlinear increasingly demanding. 400G signal dispersion tolerance of only 0.5 ps/nm, the 100G is 1 / 16.400G on OSNR also encountered a challenge, 6dB higher than the 100G. In particular, the use of higher than the current 7% FEC (forward error correction) after expenses, can achieve longer distances. The current discussion was more of a 25%. 400G 100G in PMD than the challenge faced bigger, 400G PMD tolerance of only 0.25ps, the 100G 1/4.
2.1 laser linewidth requirements
With the development of digital coherent receiver technology, the high-end multi-level modulation format because of its high spectral efficiency characteristics in DWDM systems are increasingly compelling. Phase noise characteristics of the laser transmitter and receiver optical local oscillator determines the bit error rate performance of the system. Table 1 lists the different modulation formats, 400G and 100G comparison with the laser line width requirements. Table, △fTX represents transmitter laser linewidth, △fLO represents wide receiver local oscillator light.
2.2 modulation formats and channel spacing feature
To meet the 400G DWDM transmission system in the current requirements and improves overall system capacity modulation pattern of the most important requirements are: to meet the SE (spectral efficiency) and OSNR sensitivity requirements, and have a very strong non-linear tolerance.
Theoretical capacity of single-mode fiber is 8 bit/s/Hz, the actual long-distance transmission equipment and optical fiber, a maximum of 4 bit/s/Hz. In modern optical communication systems, modulation format a great impact on system performance, in order to achieve with the existing network of 10G, 40G hybrid deployment, to achieve 80 wave 50 GHz spacing, it must meet high SE, which can be single-carrier high ary modulation or multi-carrier transmission is achieved. For 448G transmission system, consider the device frequency drift and R0ADM (reconfigurable OADM) non-ideal characteristics, requires practice must be 45G of 32QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) modulation or 28G of PM ( polarization multiplexing) -256QAM. Electrical domain OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) modulation of a single carrier can be substituted, as the complexity of both the DSP's, but due to the extra information OFDM cyclic prefix, preamble and training overhead symbols, etc., usually higher than the corresponding single-carrier format The SE is lower.
In order to try to meet a 50GHz DWDM channel spacing, many theoretical studies in 2010 are based on multi-level amplitude modulation, which PM-256QAM, a total of 65,536 constellation points, compared to 100G PM-QPSK, the density increases 8 times, and noise and light XPM (cross-phase modulation) / SPM (self-phase modulation) is very sensitive to transmission distance is very short. From the current situation reported demonstration of single-carrier QAM speed opinion, short term 448G transmission, whether it is a single carrier OFDM PM ~ 256QAM or electricity of 32QAM, it is not yet commercialized.
The first one kind of relaxed solution required SE: abandon 50GHz spacing WDM mandatory requirements, such as a 16QAM using 56G PM and flexibility of 70 ~ 80 GHz spacing WDM, SE of 6 ~ 5 bit/s/Hz, and the need There are more than enough to support ROADM systems. Data center users tend to use this flexible solution, but with large-scale, multi-service mesh network carriers to stick with standard spacing to 50GHz. For compatibility with a 50GHz boundary conditions, the use of inverse multiplexing can channel into two 448G 224G wavelength. 28G PM-I6QAM modulation up to 4 bit/s/Hz net SE, compared to 100G PM-QPSK, doubling the capacity of each fiber is increased in WDM. In addition, in order to achieve 10G, 40G / 100G to 400G seamless upgrade deployment of WSS (wavelength selective switch) presents an adjustable bandwidth requirements.
The first two kinds of solutions: using higher order modulation 32QAM or low photon carrier orthogonal multiplexing to replace the single-carrier 448G signal. This method is called coherent WDM or coherent optical OFDM. It is with inverse multiplexing DWDM different nature, because it can be obtained at a specific single carrier modulation format and the same SE coherent reception OSNR tolerance. A 448G of the transmitter can be used 10 separate photons modulated quadrature carriers. The receiver can be divided into two groups (each five as a group) to detect the reception. From the above discussion it seems, in order to obtain the highest possible rate of subcarriers can be processed on the electric field parallel to maintain a minimum light the large ones would be a more practical and more economical solution. Table 2 lists the OFDM and single carrier 400G system performance comparison.
Due to high sensitivity compared to a single carrier and excellent CD / PMD tolerance, multi-polarization digital coherent receiving CO (g coherent light) -OFDM becoming more promising and began to receive widespread attention in the industry. In the future exploration of 400G optical modules based on OFDM modulation structure, the main three kinds of architecture: Based on the FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) OOFDM (optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing), all-optical OFDM and electro-optical OFDM.
Traditional OOFDM based DSP / DAC of IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier Transform) and FFT signal synthesizing demodulation, CD and PMD tolerance can be inserted by a cyclic prefix or a guard interval, promoted training symbols, but this will resulting in a 10% or 20% of the overhead, and increase line speed. Especially in need of period CD compensation transmission line, the transmission performance DSP-based multi-carrier OFDM will be limited fiber nonlinear characteristics. The use of silicon-based PLC (Planar Lightwave Circuit) and hybrid integration technology LN (lithium niobate) lightwave circuit, the two carriers have been able to make the QPSK (quadrature phase shift keying) modulator to achieve single polarization modulator 100G (25G) and dual polarization modulator 111G (13.9G). Taking into account the complexity of the transmitter, unlike conventional DSP-based OFDM, the number of sub-carriers must less (usually 2 to 4), because of less number of subcarriers can effectively reduce PAPR. In addition, the transmitter does not require DSP and DAC. The use of a small amount of carrier, loop overhead will lead to additional costs or limit the ability to compensate. Because we need a receiver using a linear filter based on CD / PMD compensation.
All-optical OFDM, must be inserted GI (guard interval) to improve, CD and PMD tolerance, and requires a long symbol periods (many sub-carriers) to offset the cost of GI caused by electro-optical OFDM therefore proposed architecture to solve issue, electro-optical OFDM architecture to meet the higher speed requirements. Table 3 presents a comparison of the performance of 400G systems in a variety of different modulation formats.
In summary, the use of fewer sub-carriers, all-optical OFDM has the following two advantages: no emission end of DSP / DAC, has a relatively low electrical, optical complexity; As a result of fewer subcarriers , thereby reducing the PAPR of the signal, there are in the CD or the low dispersion compensating optical fiber line, having good nonlinear suppression. Therefore, from the cost, performance and complexity, etc. to achieve the look, all-optical OFDM modulation technique (2SC-DP-16QAM format) and channel spacing flexible optical module vendors can attract attention, it will play an important in the early commercial 400G role.
3. 400G detection technology
3.1 micro-optics and hybrid integration technology
For coherent detection, the use of separate free space 90° balanced mixer and a light detector to build coherent receiver system, this complex configuration to achieve commercialization is difficult. From the 2009 ECOC, U2T and HHI demonstrates monolithic integrated PLC 90°. Mixers and two pairs of high-speed balance PD receiver, to the 2010 ECOC, U2T and HH1 once again demonstrated monolithic two-way PLC 90°. Mixer and eight high-speed balancing PD receivers. From the evolution and development trend in recent years, it seems 100G transmission technology, 400G line receiver technology is gradually moving towards integration.
The integrated use of monolithic integrated receiver and free space optics, there is no way to get satisfactory performance, reliability and low cost. In this regard, NTT PLC technology using a silicon PBS (polarizing beam splitter) and 90°as a monolithic integrated optical mixer DPOH (polarized light mixer). Another use of a new multi-channel collimator DPOH the coupling loss between the lower and the PD, and to suppress coupling deviation caused by temperature changes. In addition, NTT has developed a high-speed chip-level compact photoelectric conversion structure, and use these techniques to produce an integrated coherent receiver. Micro-optical alignment technology allows greatly improved sensitivity based PD matching and temperature performance PLC hybrid integrated devices.
Since the silicon-based microelectronics plane technology, optoelectronic devices is three-dimensional technology. Compared to hybrid integration, PIC (Photonic Integrated Circuit) can significantly reduce the size of the optical module, save packaging costs and flat connection allows the optical path to match and balance easier, thus effectively control deviation, it is the future mainstream. Currently Bell Labs has been research on monolithic silicon integrated coherent detection technology, but there are many technical difficulties to be a breakthrough. 400G early in the silicon PLC and free space optics hybrid integration will be more mature commercial programs.
3.2 with detection technology
Digital coherent reception technology in the field of high-speed transmission is generally regarded as a promising technology because it can increase the sensitivity of the system OSNR, CD and PMD compensation line transmission damage. Because electricity rates "bottleneck", ADC sampling rate will be limited to a very long period of time of less than 100 GS/s. In order to effectively address this issue in 400G even T bit/s channel transmission, the use of multi-carrier modulation format is an effective method.
The use of wavelength-independent detection, the receiver hardware complexity can bring lower by detecting a plurality of sub-carriers, not only from ADC sampling rate bottleneck constraints, and reduce the load on DSP. The structure shown in the block diagram of an optical transceiver module 4.
3.3 processing capabilities within power
Currently in 100G systems, most of the optical device has reached the extent of commercial, but in coherent receiver technology, the key to the biggest problem ADC and DSP chip production business is the processing power and power consumption. Although in 2010, Alcatel-Lucent has 112 G's long-distance system uses a 70M + door of 56 GS/s of ADC / DSP, but faces the same prediction in the 400G system bottleneck.
4. Conclusion
400G long-distance communication and transmission of the light entering a new era, the multi-carrier multi-level phase modulation and an array of optical communications is moving from single-carrier modulation with coherent detection of the polarization multiplexed coherent change detection. Photonic integration and electronic integration, ADC / DSP technology will be 400G optical communication modules and systems business of the key. With the urgent need for standardization of Ethernet, parallel light of the requirements of photonic integration technology will be a huge boost. In the next 2 to 3 years, 400G electro-optical OFDM-related technologies will gradually mature, although these devices have a certain distance from the commercial cost and power consumption, but as these technologies have matured and related standards of discussion and development, 400G commercial system is about to pull the curtain.
1. Technical analysis 400G LAN Interface optical modules
400G LAN (Local Area Network) interface to optical modules may 100G Ethernet will continue to use proprietary parallel transmission. In February 2011, Finisar on "Beyond 100GE" seminar presented 400GE modules standard recommendation, primarily to support 400GE-LR16 and 400GE-SR16 two applications. Where 400GE-LR16 using 16×25G LAN WDM (1330,1310,1290 and 1270nm 4 waves channels) to achieve, and 400GE ~ SR16 is using a 16×25G multimode fiber interfaces. In addition, in the physical layer defines the CAUI (Attachment Unit Interface) -16, CPPI (parallel physical interface) -16 electrical interface standard. 16×25G 100GE just linear expansion, as long as the process to meet the requirements, there is no other technical difficulties. In contrast, the optical fiber parallel development will have more space, but supports higher densities needed photonic integration technology can make 400G commercially possible.
In addition, Finisar also proposed other possible ways 400G LAN applications: the first type is the use of already commercialization 4OG of EML (electro-absorption modulated laser) technology architecture composed of 10×40G; the second was that rely on technology to improve the EML, using 4-level amplitude modulation and DSP (digital signal processing) of dispersion compensation framework 8×50 G; third is 4×100G of architecture that must be complex amplitude phase modulation, such as PM-QPSK ( polarization multiplexing - Quadrature Phase Shift Keying), there is no possible commercialization of the technology demonstration.
NTT research report also pointed out that in the serial data transmission, 16×25G, 10×40G and 8X 50G of these types of architecture are possible. For 50G, modulation is also based MZ (Mach - Zehnder) the DQPSK (differential quadrature phase shift keying) modulation or OOK (on-off keying) modulation. Each architecture in size, cost, power consumption, etc. have their own advantages and disadvantages. From the current research point of view, DML (directly modulated laser) production process is simple, low power consumption, but the ER (extinction ratio) is small. EML complex production process, power consumption is relatively large, but the larger ER, you can get a very clear eye. Further, the quantum well EAM (electroabsorption modulator) InGaA1As based valence band offset is reduced due to a hole caused by accumulation in the modulation process, and therefore suitable for use as high-speed modulation. Figs. 1 to 3 are NTT in OFC 2011 show for the 400 GE of 1300nm, 50G EML spectrum, into the relationship between the current and the optical power and the transmission 10 and 40 km after the output eye diagram.
2. Technical analysis 400G long-distance transmission optical modules
In the ITU-T / IEEE Joint seminars, Alcatel-Iucent report stated: interface cable OTU5 rate will reach 449.219 Gbit/s. With the increase rate, the system OSNR (optical signal to noise ratio), CD (chromatic dispersion), PMD (polarization mode dispersion) and nonlinear increasingly demanding. 400G signal dispersion tolerance of only 0.5 ps/nm, the 100G is 1 / 16.400G on OSNR also encountered a challenge, 6dB higher than the 100G. In particular, the use of higher than the current 7% FEC (forward error correction) after expenses, can achieve longer distances. The current discussion was more of a 25%. 400G 100G in PMD than the challenge faced bigger, 400G PMD tolerance of only 0.25ps, the 100G 1/4.
2.1 laser linewidth requirements
With the development of digital coherent receiver technology, the high-end multi-level modulation format because of its high spectral efficiency characteristics in DWDM systems are increasingly compelling. Phase noise characteristics of the laser transmitter and receiver optical local oscillator determines the bit error rate performance of the system. Table 1 lists the different modulation formats, 400G and 100G comparison with the laser line width requirements. Table, △fTX represents transmitter laser linewidth, △fLO represents wide receiver local oscillator light.
2.2 modulation formats and channel spacing feature
To meet the 400G DWDM transmission system in the current requirements and improves overall system capacity modulation pattern of the most important requirements are: to meet the SE (spectral efficiency) and OSNR sensitivity requirements, and have a very strong non-linear tolerance.
Theoretical capacity of single-mode fiber is 8 bit/s/Hz, the actual long-distance transmission equipment and optical fiber, a maximum of 4 bit/s/Hz. In modern optical communication systems, modulation format a great impact on system performance, in order to achieve with the existing network of 10G, 40G hybrid deployment, to achieve 80 wave 50 GHz spacing, it must meet high SE, which can be single-carrier high ary modulation or multi-carrier transmission is achieved. For 448G transmission system, consider the device frequency drift and R0ADM (reconfigurable OADM) non-ideal characteristics, requires practice must be 45G of 32QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) modulation or 28G of PM ( polarization multiplexing) -256QAM. Electrical domain OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) modulation of a single carrier can be substituted, as the complexity of both the DSP's, but due to the extra information OFDM cyclic prefix, preamble and training overhead symbols, etc., usually higher than the corresponding single-carrier format The SE is lower.
In order to try to meet a 50GHz DWDM channel spacing, many theoretical studies in 2010 are based on multi-level amplitude modulation, which PM-256QAM, a total of 65,536 constellation points, compared to 100G PM-QPSK, the density increases 8 times, and noise and light XPM (cross-phase modulation) / SPM (self-phase modulation) is very sensitive to transmission distance is very short. From the current situation reported demonstration of single-carrier QAM speed opinion, short term 448G transmission, whether it is a single carrier OFDM PM ~ 256QAM or electricity of 32QAM, it is not yet commercialized.
The first one kind of relaxed solution required SE: abandon 50GHz spacing WDM mandatory requirements, such as a 16QAM using 56G PM and flexibility of 70 ~ 80 GHz spacing WDM, SE of 6 ~ 5 bit/s/Hz, and the need There are more than enough to support ROADM systems. Data center users tend to use this flexible solution, but with large-scale, multi-service mesh network carriers to stick with standard spacing to 50GHz. For compatibility with a 50GHz boundary conditions, the use of inverse multiplexing can channel into two 448G 224G wavelength. 28G PM-I6QAM modulation up to 4 bit/s/Hz net SE, compared to 100G PM-QPSK, doubling the capacity of each fiber is increased in WDM. In addition, in order to achieve 10G, 40G / 100G to 400G seamless upgrade deployment of WSS (wavelength selective switch) presents an adjustable bandwidth requirements.
The first two kinds of solutions: using higher order modulation 32QAM or low photon carrier orthogonal multiplexing to replace the single-carrier 448G signal. This method is called coherent WDM or coherent optical OFDM. It is with inverse multiplexing DWDM different nature, because it can be obtained at a specific single carrier modulation format and the same SE coherent reception OSNR tolerance. A 448G of the transmitter can be used 10 separate photons modulated quadrature carriers. The receiver can be divided into two groups (each five as a group) to detect the reception. From the above discussion it seems, in order to obtain the highest possible rate of subcarriers can be processed on the electric field parallel to maintain a minimum light the large ones would be a more practical and more economical solution. Table 2 lists the OFDM and single carrier 400G system performance comparison.
Due to high sensitivity compared to a single carrier and excellent CD / PMD tolerance, multi-polarization digital coherent receiving CO (g coherent light) -OFDM becoming more promising and began to receive widespread attention in the industry. In the future exploration of 400G optical modules based on OFDM modulation structure, the main three kinds of architecture: Based on the FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) OOFDM (optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing), all-optical OFDM and electro-optical OFDM.
Traditional OOFDM based DSP / DAC of IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier Transform) and FFT signal synthesizing demodulation, CD and PMD tolerance can be inserted by a cyclic prefix or a guard interval, promoted training symbols, but this will resulting in a 10% or 20% of the overhead, and increase line speed. Especially in need of period CD compensation transmission line, the transmission performance DSP-based multi-carrier OFDM will be limited fiber nonlinear characteristics. The use of silicon-based PLC (Planar Lightwave Circuit) and hybrid integration technology LN (lithium niobate) lightwave circuit, the two carriers have been able to make the QPSK (quadrature phase shift keying) modulator to achieve single polarization modulator 100G (25G) and dual polarization modulator 111G (13.9G). Taking into account the complexity of the transmitter, unlike conventional DSP-based OFDM, the number of sub-carriers must less (usually 2 to 4), because of less number of subcarriers can effectively reduce PAPR. In addition, the transmitter does not require DSP and DAC. The use of a small amount of carrier, loop overhead will lead to additional costs or limit the ability to compensate. Because we need a receiver using a linear filter based on CD / PMD compensation.
All-optical OFDM, must be inserted GI (guard interval) to improve, CD and PMD tolerance, and requires a long symbol periods (many sub-carriers) to offset the cost of GI caused by electro-optical OFDM therefore proposed architecture to solve issue, electro-optical OFDM architecture to meet the higher speed requirements. Table 3 presents a comparison of the performance of 400G systems in a variety of different modulation formats.
In summary, the use of fewer sub-carriers, all-optical OFDM has the following two advantages: no emission end of DSP / DAC, has a relatively low electrical, optical complexity; As a result of fewer subcarriers , thereby reducing the PAPR of the signal, there are in the CD or the low dispersion compensating optical fiber line, having good nonlinear suppression. Therefore, from the cost, performance and complexity, etc. to achieve the look, all-optical OFDM modulation technique (2SC-DP-16QAM format) and channel spacing flexible optical module vendors can attract attention, it will play an important in the early commercial 400G role.
3. 400G detection technology
3.1 micro-optics and hybrid integration technology
For coherent detection, the use of separate free space 90° balanced mixer and a light detector to build coherent receiver system, this complex configuration to achieve commercialization is difficult. From the 2009 ECOC, U2T and HHI demonstrates monolithic integrated PLC 90°. Mixers and two pairs of high-speed balance PD receiver, to the 2010 ECOC, U2T and HH1 once again demonstrated monolithic two-way PLC 90°. Mixer and eight high-speed balancing PD receivers. From the evolution and development trend in recent years, it seems 100G transmission technology, 400G line receiver technology is gradually moving towards integration.
The integrated use of monolithic integrated receiver and free space optics, there is no way to get satisfactory performance, reliability and low cost. In this regard, NTT PLC technology using a silicon PBS (polarizing beam splitter) and 90°as a monolithic integrated optical mixer DPOH (polarized light mixer). Another use of a new multi-channel collimator DPOH the coupling loss between the lower and the PD, and to suppress coupling deviation caused by temperature changes. In addition, NTT has developed a high-speed chip-level compact photoelectric conversion structure, and use these techniques to produce an integrated coherent receiver. Micro-optical alignment technology allows greatly improved sensitivity based PD matching and temperature performance PLC hybrid integrated devices.
Since the silicon-based microelectronics plane technology, optoelectronic devices is three-dimensional technology. Compared to hybrid integration, PIC (Photonic Integrated Circuit) can significantly reduce the size of the optical module, save packaging costs and flat connection allows the optical path to match and balance easier, thus effectively control deviation, it is the future mainstream. Currently Bell Labs has been research on monolithic silicon integrated coherent detection technology, but there are many technical difficulties to be a breakthrough. 400G early in the silicon PLC and free space optics hybrid integration will be more mature commercial programs.
3.2 with detection technology
Digital coherent reception technology in the field of high-speed transmission is generally regarded as a promising technology because it can increase the sensitivity of the system OSNR, CD and PMD compensation line transmission damage. Because electricity rates "bottleneck", ADC sampling rate will be limited to a very long period of time of less than 100 GS/s. In order to effectively address this issue in 400G even T bit/s channel transmission, the use of multi-carrier modulation format is an effective method.
The use of wavelength-independent detection, the receiver hardware complexity can bring lower by detecting a plurality of sub-carriers, not only from ADC sampling rate bottleneck constraints, and reduce the load on DSP. The structure shown in the block diagram of an optical transceiver module 4.
3.3 processing capabilities within power
Currently in 100G systems, most of the optical device has reached the extent of commercial, but in coherent receiver technology, the key to the biggest problem ADC and DSP chip production business is the processing power and power consumption. Although in 2010, Alcatel-Lucent has 112 G's long-distance system uses a 70M + door of 56 GS/s of ADC / DSP, but faces the same prediction in the 400G system bottleneck.
4. Conclusion
400G long-distance communication and transmission of the light entering a new era, the multi-carrier multi-level phase modulation and an array of optical communications is moving from single-carrier modulation with coherent detection of the polarization multiplexed coherent change detection. Photonic integration and electronic integration, ADC / DSP technology will be 400G optical communication modules and systems business of the key. With the urgent need for standardization of Ethernet, parallel light of the requirements of photonic integration technology will be a huge boost. In the next 2 to 3 years, 400G electro-optical OFDM-related technologies will gradually mature, although these devices have a certain distance from the commercial cost and power consumption, but as these technologies have matured and related standards of discussion and development, 400G commercial system is about to pull the curtain.
Data Center Why use AOC
The entire data center has begun global import 40G AOC, relative to 40G DAC copper, 40G AOC at 7 meters above data transmission environment with unparalleled advantages, including smaller, lighter, easier to bend and more easy management, signal transmission over longer distances and so on. AOC assemblies are full-duplex structure:
In the data center, if 40G SR4 optical modules can also obtain these goals.
Differences 40G AOC and SR4 module as follows:
1) Insert the return loss analysis: For the same distance, with the current technology and design, SR4 repeatability and interchangeability performance optical module interface inferior to 40G AOC. SR4 optical modules for different fiber jumpers plug the same module will have different insertion loss and return loss, this is basically a common problem. But insofar as the amount of change in line with the scope of the test and other related indicators of the eye will not be too significant change. And making good AOC this respect can be maintained basically stable, rocking performance better. SR4 repeatability test in the following table, showing the occurrence of a large volatility.
2) four-quadrant test: is the input voltage and signal amplitude measurements four combinations in order to ensure the lowest and highest voltage and temperature can maintain performance. AOC through a wide temperature range four quadrant tests to ensure the MPO connector and cable AOC will not melt at high temperatures. MPO interface itself changes in high and low temperature performance is to meet 0.3dB variation, materials used are also resistant to more than 120 degrees PEI material. As integrated molding products, integration tests to ensure product performance, this may appear to be more stable than using SR4 module optional uncertain performance of MPO jumpers. SR4 confirmed by mass relative to the optical eye diagram, AOC primarily by electric eye to judge the merits of indicators.
3) DDM monitor: SR4 have DDM monitoring function to see in real-time monitoring to determine the optimal size of the coupling receiving end ADC value when receiving coupling, so the reception sensitivity SR4 appear superior than some of the AOC. But SR4 optical modules and 40G AOC currently can not achieve real-time monitoring of optical power.
4) Transmission distance: not much difference between the two on OM3 fiber. But SR4 optical module can better control performance, if you want to achieve longer distances (> 300 m) of transport recommended SR4.
Summary: Based on the data within the data center connection, we recommend using active optical cable (AOC). The reason is that this AOC wiring consistency and repeatable, closed at both ends is easier to avoid environmental impact and vibration swing. If the failure can be directly replaced, without the need for on-site to do SR4 optical modules and MPO series termination jumper plug test cost savings.
 |
| AOC system architecture diagram |
Differences 40G AOC and SR4 module as follows:
1) Insert the return loss analysis: For the same distance, with the current technology and design, SR4 repeatability and interchangeability performance optical module interface inferior to 40G AOC. SR4 optical modules for different fiber jumpers plug the same module will have different insertion loss and return loss, this is basically a common problem. But insofar as the amount of change in line with the scope of the test and other related indicators of the eye will not be too significant change. And making good AOC this respect can be maintained basically stable, rocking performance better. SR4 repeatability test in the following table, showing the occurrence of a large volatility.
 |
| SR4 plug repeatability of test data |
2) four-quadrant test: is the input voltage and signal amplitude measurements four combinations in order to ensure the lowest and highest voltage and temperature can maintain performance. AOC through a wide temperature range four quadrant tests to ensure the MPO connector and cable AOC will not melt at high temperatures. MPO interface itself changes in high and low temperature performance is to meet 0.3dB variation, materials used are also resistant to more than 120 degrees PEI material. As integrated molding products, integration tests to ensure product performance, this may appear to be more stable than using SR4 module optional uncertain performance of MPO jumpers. SR4 confirmed by mass relative to the optical eye diagram, AOC primarily by electric eye to judge the merits of indicators.
3) DDM monitor: SR4 have DDM monitoring function to see in real-time monitoring to determine the optimal size of the coupling receiving end ADC value when receiving coupling, so the reception sensitivity SR4 appear superior than some of the AOC. But SR4 optical modules and 40G AOC currently can not achieve real-time monitoring of optical power.
4) Transmission distance: not much difference between the two on OM3 fiber. But SR4 optical module can better control performance, if you want to achieve longer distances (> 300 m) of transport recommended SR4.
Summary: Based on the data within the data center connection, we recommend using active optical cable (AOC). The reason is that this AOC wiring consistency and repeatable, closed at both ends is easier to avoid environmental impact and vibration swing. If the failure can be directly replaced, without the need for on-site to do SR4 optical modules and MPO series termination jumper plug test cost savings.
OFC2015: WDM-PON alternative market
AEPONYX is a WDM-PON Systems from Montreal, Canada. This year's show editor for WDM-PON has a little surprise. In addition to publicly display their Huawei WDM-PON system, optical passive device company Shanghai Xiang also exhibited in the face of the WDM-PON WDM modules.
First say that, regardless of AEPONYX or Huawei, their first sight of WDM-PON is not a traditional FTTx access market, but other. Huawei declared their WDM-PON more lanes for use in corporate networks and 4G LTE applications such prequel, AEPONYX told edit their WDM PON used in the data center interconnect.
Let me talk about Huawei WDM PON their claims to adopt two new technologies. One is called automatic wavelength-locked laser wavelength-independent technology, to address the use of fixed-wavelength laser service provisioning and inventory problems. After the second is the use of a similar high density QSFP package integration technologies, higher mounting density OLT's. From Huawei's press release, the so-called wavelength independent Huawei should use a tunable laser. This makes editing immediately think of this market-oriented Zhejiang Lante Pu. And editor at the time and AEPONYX chat, they are also considering the use of Lante Pu tunable lasers. Zhejiang Lante Pu seems this market position is very good.
Traditionally, everyone thinks that the best WDM PON development should be South Korea, but the Korean manufacturers seem to not have the product. Touches AEPONYX two years the news constantly. WDM PON for this new company from Montreal, Canada, edited curious. The company's founder and CTO Francois D. Menard told the editor, AEPONYX of A representative of Active, E Ethernet, Y is Lambda, represents wavelength, X on behalf of the cross-connect. Their company name on behalf of their products for the purpose. Why is this company can be born in Montreal? Francois said that Canada Montreal is a great place for data center construction, where there was more than 40 data centers. AEPONYX start from a local science and technology cooperation program. He graduated from the University of Sherbrooke prestigious research in the field of telecommunications. The WDM PON used within the data center is to directly address the tensions within the data center fiber resources. This editor a little skeptical, but Francois firmly told edit, optical fiber data center resources more scarce, WDM PON promising. The OFC, AEPONYX focused exhibition is to 10G WDM PON products. Francois Menard, said in a press release, the new competitive launch tunable optical modules allow the introduction of standardized fully interoperable applications of single fiber WDM-PON solutions possible.
AEPONYX renewed escalation of WDM-PON central office multiplexing demultiplexer, WDM-PON remote node and other products, and built to support single fiber WDM filter applications. Use their Colornode C / 2 and C / 2 WDM filter can support single fiber deployment simple and economical. Their WDM-PON can be superimposed on existing GPON systems, to improve the transmission capacity of existing GPON systems of more than 160 times. If you insert a CFP-2 ACO coherent optical modules, their WDM PON system can also support 100Gbps applications.
Francois ambitious allows editing remember the discussion of WDM PON market years ago when the interview Ignis. Ignis is a Montreal company's operations there. Perhaps the city with WDM PON have any special links. GPON year first applications in the mobile backhaul, now WDM PON open market if the data center interconnect, it is not surprising.
This report is aimed at small equipment manufacturers show. Having WDM PON, we have to mention that the other. Chengdu Oufei Ling was originally a company to develop optical modules. But in this OFC, they exhibited more small fiber optic line protection equipment, especially their SOA Tap a device called integrated multi-channel semiconductor optical amplifiers in a 1U rack, is impressive.
First say that, regardless of AEPONYX or Huawei, their first sight of WDM-PON is not a traditional FTTx access market, but other. Huawei declared their WDM-PON more lanes for use in corporate networks and 4G LTE applications such prequel, AEPONYX told edit their WDM PON used in the data center interconnect.
Let me talk about Huawei WDM PON their claims to adopt two new technologies. One is called automatic wavelength-locked laser wavelength-independent technology, to address the use of fixed-wavelength laser service provisioning and inventory problems. After the second is the use of a similar high density QSFP package integration technologies, higher mounting density OLT's. From Huawei's press release, the so-called wavelength independent Huawei should use a tunable laser. This makes editing immediately think of this market-oriented Zhejiang Lante Pu. And editor at the time and AEPONYX chat, they are also considering the use of Lante Pu tunable lasers. Zhejiang Lante Pu seems this market position is very good.
Traditionally, everyone thinks that the best WDM PON development should be South Korea, but the Korean manufacturers seem to not have the product. Touches AEPONYX two years the news constantly. WDM PON for this new company from Montreal, Canada, edited curious. The company's founder and CTO Francois D. Menard told the editor, AEPONYX of A representative of Active, E Ethernet, Y is Lambda, represents wavelength, X on behalf of the cross-connect. Their company name on behalf of their products for the purpose. Why is this company can be born in Montreal? Francois said that Canada Montreal is a great place for data center construction, where there was more than 40 data centers. AEPONYX start from a local science and technology cooperation program. He graduated from the University of Sherbrooke prestigious research in the field of telecommunications. The WDM PON used within the data center is to directly address the tensions within the data center fiber resources. This editor a little skeptical, but Francois firmly told edit, optical fiber data center resources more scarce, WDM PON promising. The OFC, AEPONYX focused exhibition is to 10G WDM PON products. Francois Menard, said in a press release, the new competitive launch tunable optical modules allow the introduction of standardized fully interoperable applications of single fiber WDM-PON solutions possible.
AEPONYX renewed escalation of WDM-PON central office multiplexing demultiplexer, WDM-PON remote node and other products, and built to support single fiber WDM filter applications. Use their Colornode C / 2 and C / 2 WDM filter can support single fiber deployment simple and economical. Their WDM-PON can be superimposed on existing GPON systems, to improve the transmission capacity of existing GPON systems of more than 160 times. If you insert a CFP-2 ACO coherent optical modules, their WDM PON system can also support 100Gbps applications.
Francois ambitious allows editing remember the discussion of WDM PON market years ago when the interview Ignis. Ignis is a Montreal company's operations there. Perhaps the city with WDM PON have any special links. GPON year first applications in the mobile backhaul, now WDM PON open market if the data center interconnect, it is not surprising.
This report is aimed at small equipment manufacturers show. Having WDM PON, we have to mention that the other. Chengdu Oufei Ling was originally a company to develop optical modules. But in this OFC, they exhibited more small fiber optic line protection equipment, especially their SOA Tap a device called integrated multi-channel semiconductor optical amplifiers in a 1U rack, is impressive.
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